THE ANALYSIS OF GENDER IN METAPHORS: PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S NOVEL

Metafora sebagai salah satu pengandaian bahasa kiasan yang semakin sering digunakan, baik sebagai pemanis maupun untuk membuat orang tertarik membaca. Tidak mudah untuk menentukan kata atau frasa yang tepat untuk dibandingkan karena jika kata atau frasa tersebut tidak sesuai akan mengaburkan bahkan dapat menghilangkan maknanya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan kekhususan penggunaan metafora khususnya yang berkaitan dengan jenis gender. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk menganalisis data berdasarkan konteks makna yang melingkupinya. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan metafora-metafora yang mempunyai kegunaan tertentu khususnya yang berkenaan dengan gender seperti Mas Nganten, Gadis Pantai, Bunga Kampung, Kembang Desa, Kupu-kupu Malam, Rembulan, yaitu gambar-gambar yang memiliki kegunaan khusus untuk mendeskripsikan topik perempuan. Sedangkan Tuan Besar, Daendels, Kepala Kampung, Burung Hantu, Bujang, Kadal Laut, Buaya Abstract Metaphor as one of the figurative languages supposition that the more frequently used, both as a sweetener and to get people interested in reading. Not easy to determine the exact word or phrase to be compared as if the word or phrase does not fit will obscure even be able to eliminate its meaning. The purpose of this research is to explain the specificity in the use of metaphor, especially concerning the types of gender. This research uses the qualitative method to analyze the data based on the context of meaning that enveloped it. In this research, it was found metaphors that have a particular use, especially concerning gender such as You, The Girl from the Coast, The Girl, The Flower of the Town, Village Kembang, Night Butterfly, the moon, Spanish Guitar, which are the images that have the specific use to describe the topic of women. While, Governor, Daendels, The Village Chief, An Owl, The Servant, Sea Lizards, Blackguard, the Old Man, Garong Cat are the uses of imaging have the specific in describing the topic of men. The implication of this research can be expanded by comparing the metaphors that have imaging sexed women in English would be translated using the metaphor sexed women also in Indonesian, and how metaphors that have imaging sexed man would translate metaphors imagery sexed man also has answered through this research. The recommendation of the researchers suggests for the next researcher to discuss the other figurative languages such as simile, hyperbole, paradox by using its markers.


INTRODUCTION
Metaphor is one style of language that uses a comparison. Often people use the metaphor for emphasis, innuendo, and even jokes. According to (Kusmaini, 2020, p. 10), one of the functions of language is imaginative function. In this case, language serves as the creator of the system, an idea, or story imaginative. This function is usually to tell stories, fairy tales, writing short stories, novels, etc. Nuraeni et al. (2020, p. 27) describes the style of language as the disclosure of mind through language typically showing the spirit and personality of the author (user language). Style Language (also called style) is a part of the problem diction questioned whether or not a suitable use of words, phrases, or clauses specific to a particular situation. (Nuraeni et al., 2020, p. 66) splits style Language into five types: (1) style language based on terms of language and in terms of non-linguistic, (2) the style of language is based on the choice of words that is, the style of official language, conversational style, (3) style language based on the tone that is, simple style, style noble and powerful, and stylish medium, (4) the style of language is based on the sentence structure is, climax, anti-climax, parallelism, antithesis, repetition, and (5) style language based direct indirect meaning, namely, the language style rhetorical and stylistic tropes or figure of speech (Susanto et al., 2017, p. 284).
According to Jenkins, Ford, & Green (2013, p. 83), figurative sense or figure of speech is obtained if the denotation of words or phrases diverted and including also other denotation along with links to other thoughts. The use of metaphor is one of the most prominent tools for showing gender. Hamilton, Leskovec, & Jurafsky (2016, p. 101) state that although it may be true that most vocabulary is acquired through incidental learning, acquiring words through inferring from context is not necessarily with the effective method. A lot of researches have been made on the subject of metaphoric language and use, and following the publication of Gibbs (2015, p. 62).
Al-Abdullah (2020, p. 71) states that there is a close correlation between language, metaphors, and thought. Al-Abdullah developed this idea that has become the "cognitive linguistic view of metaphor" or known as "Conceptual Metaphors Theory". It is supported by Miralles-Guasch, Melo, & Marquet (2016, p. 95), Metaphor is a cognitive, not a linguistic phenomenon, the human mind has various forms of organized knowledge. Musolff (2012, p. 55) also finds that the main meaning focus in metaphorical concept is useful because of its "cultural-sensitivity" Since metaphorical concept arises from culture or a set of experiences, the metaphorical concept available may differ from individual to individual as much as each experience differs from those of his/her fellow human beings.
Figurative language could be a figurative supported a non-literal which means some or all of the words used. Some styles of figurative language, as an example, simile, metaphor, personification, and plenty of alternative examples. The means of figurative language is contrariwise to literal language. Figurative language typically desires the topic to understand the which means. But, figurative language is that the part of regular speech that adult native speakers of a language will even as simply gift figurative language because of the literal language (Cieślicka, Heredia, & Olivares, 2014, p. 63). Owens & Dodsworth (2017, p. 90) recommended that such a large number of literary devices qualify as the figurative language that the subsequent list is not at all thorough. This square measure the most samples of figurative language: Simile: A comparison between two in contrast to things through the employment of connecting words, typically "like" or "as." Metaphor, Hyperbole: the utilization of obvious and deliberate exaggeration. Metonymy: A figure of speech within which factor} is named by a replacement name that's connected in desiring to the initial thing or construct. Paradox, Trope, Allusion: A literary device accustomed to reference another object outside of the work of literature. Pun: A play on words that sometimes hinges on a word with over one which means or the substitution of a word that changes the which means of the sentence for ludicrous or rhetorical impact. Personification: The projection of characteristics that unremarkably belong solely to humans onto inanimate objects, animals, deities, or forces of nature. Onomatopoeia: A word that phonetically mimics or resembles the sound of the issue it describes. Common samples of Figurative Language "I'll play devil's advocate. Every cloud includes a consolation. You've hit the nail on the pinnacle. It happens once in an exceedingly long time. She scarfs my thunder (Khofiana, 2015, p. 56).
This discusses samples of figurative language within the majority of literary works. Therefore, once the writers provide samples of figurative language, they're attempting to produce distinctive strategies. But they're conjointly specializing in a vital part of the human mind and making new synapses (Weisgram, 2016, p. 16).
Metaphor is common that the target subject is understood in a very new means. (Cassell & Bishop, 2019, p. 89). Whereas metaphor compares or hyperbolically describes things for the sake of stress. The state of starvation is far direr than mere hunger, so area unit saying; we tend to are setting out to emphasize the necessity for food. The analysis of the image is an incontrovertible fact that language depends on the speakers' hands. (Owens & Dodsworth, 2017, p.24). The metaphor could also be a key part of all forms of literature, together with poetry, prose, and drama. this is often not solely image could also be an extremely helpful literary device, however conjointly it's such a crucial part of all languages and communication (Musolff, 2012, p.37). Several psychological feature theorists have researched and written concerning the importance of image at intervals the means we tend to perceive the earth around North American country. The nonliteral comparison of those two ideas finishes up influencing the means folks in cultures understand time. It ought to return as no surprise, therefore, that their square measure samples of metaphors in literature from each culture (Johnston & Kittler, 2013, p. 77). The utilization of metaphor permits authors to gift unfamiliar ideas or things in ways in which the reader will comprehend by scrutiny unknown things to glorious things. this sort of usage forges a psychological feature link between antecedent unrelated objects and makes readers appreciate them in a very new means (Johnston & Kittler, 2013, p.94). Dead metaphor: Examples: World Wide Net, flowerbed, fishing for compliments, windfall (Semino & Steen, 2012, p. 51). Burlesque Catachrestic: Parts of the body are utilized in these metaphors. Primary: A metaphor that's forthwith understood. Complex. Conceptual: A metaphor wherever one plan or conception is known as another. Example: Time is money. Conduit. Conventional: A metaphor that's a well-recognized comparison that doesn't show itself. the utilization of the orientation metaphors, like costs, rose; his financial gain went down; the state is up; exports square measure down; the amount of homeless folks is incredibly high. Creative: in distinction to the traditional image. Example: "Her tall black-suited body appeared to carve its means through the packed space." (Semino & Steen, 2012, p. 145).
Extended: A metaphor could be a comparison between two, in contrast to things that continue throughout a series of sentences in a very paragraph or lines in a very verse form. Grammatical: Example: Mary |The Virgin| Blessed Virgin |Madonna| Jewess| mother| female parent} came across fantastic |an exquisite |a beautiful} sight and an exquisite sight met Mary's eyes as nonliteral variants of Mary saw one thing wonderful." Mixed Personification: Inanimate objects square measure given human-like qualities.
Example: "Fear knocked on the door. religion answered. There was nobody there." Root: A metaphor, an event that shapes and moulds a person's read of the planet and their interpretation of reality. Example: "A root image or story sometimes takes the shape of a story concerning the cosmos. though the story could also be amusing or pleasant, it conjointly has four serious functions: to order expertise by explaining the start of your time and history; to tell folks. Structural. Submerged: A metaphor wherever either the tenor or vehicle is implicit instead of declared. the author is hydrophobia whose psychoneurosis depends upon metaphors taking precedence over logic." Therapeutic: A metaphor utilized by therapists to assist a patient heal, grow and rework. Visual: A metaphor that an illustration of someone, place, the image that implies Associate in Nursing association or purpose to one thing. utilized in advertisements. Telescope. Orientation: A metaphor that involves Associate in Nursing orientation. Example: Speak up, keep your voice down, he fell sick, she's Associate in Nursing honourable national. Ontological: Ontological has components of personification. Example: inflation as Associate in Nursing entity. Inflation is that the concrete subject projected on the entity, that is abstract. Metaphor cluster: A group or series of metaphors that revolve around the same thought to convey Associate in Nursing expertise or plan. Absolute: A metaphor wherever the terms (tenor) cannot be prepared.
Gender is that the vary of characteristics of and differentiating between, masculinity and trait. looking at the context, these characteristics might embrace biological sex. The cultures have specific gender roles which will be thought of distinct from male and feminine, like the hijra of India and Asian country. Gender has influenced the event of humans; each informs the controversy concerning however so many biological variations influence the formation of identity. In English literature, there's conjointly a trichotomy between biological sex, psychological gender, and social role Chang et al (2018, p. 81). A gender/genderless intersex Bigender (bi-gender) Cisgender/ cissexual Genderqueer/non-binary Gender bender Hijra Pangender Queer sex activity Third gender/Third sex Trans man Trans lady Trigender (tri-gender) Two-Spirit Yoon-Kyoung (2020, p. 66). Gender role as a lady or a person in society varies cross-culturally consistent with what things square measure thought of to be masculine or female (Spain, 2015, p. 97). It doesn't settle for the prevalence of the two stiffly outlined genders "man" and "woman" and believes within the freedom to settle on any reasonable gender with no rules. each of these definitions faces opposite directions with their own outlined set of rules and criteria on that the same systems square measure supported Hearn (2019, p. 88). Theoretically, this research may contribute information generally for Indonesian students especially students of the Faculty of Letters about the classification of the Indonesian and the English metaphors in gender. And practically, this research may be useful as a guideline for Indonesian students if they have to identify the English metaphors by recognizing the gender. Therefore, it is also to widen and deepen their knowledge about the markers of each metaphor, concerning the two types of metaphors in gender. Research problems are as follows: 1). how the Indonesian and English metaphors in gender found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's novel? 2). What are the types of metaphors in gender found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's novel? This research is concerned with the types of Indonesian and English metaphors in gender found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's novel based on two types of metaphors in Gender. It does not discuss the other figurative languages such as simile, hyperbole, paradox, etc.
Based on the above explanation, this research purposed at (1) finding out how the Indonesian and English Metaphors in Gender; and (2) describing the types of Indonesian and English Metaphors of Gender in the novel "Gadis Pantai" by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and "The Girl from the Coast".

Research Design
This research design is a qualitative analysis that seeks to understand the "meaning" scientifically about the content of the message of communication-based on the context that enveloped him. According to Armstrong & Kraemer (2015, p. 78), to interpret a phrase written or oral expression and find meaning desired, it must be linked to the context in which the occurrence or spoken speech, people involved in the interaction, their general knowledge. An understanding of the context of a sentence is very important to analyze the metaphor, especially in determining the topic, and point of similarity depiction of the topic.

Source of the Data
The sources of data in this research are the novel "Gadis Pantai" by Pramoedya Ananta Toer from chapter one page 11 to chapter three page 109, published by Lentera Dipantara. Publishers in 2002 and its rendering into English entitled "The Girl from the Coast" from chapter one page 20 to chapter three page 120 which was translated by Willem Samuels and was published by Hyperion East. Publishing House in 2003.

The technique of Collecting Data
The technique of collecting data in this research is to identify the data which consists of the Indonesian metaphors related to their markers then underline them. Identify the data which consists of the English-translated metaphors from Indonesian related to their markers then underline them. The Source language (SL) and the target language (TL) data are put together side by side in a list then give the number of pages and lines to its data.

The technique of Analyzing Data
While the technique of analyzing data such as editing means that the data are edited because there might be some mistakes when they are transferred from the SL and TL into the corpus or list. Classifying the data means that those data are classified into two main categories: Indonesia metaphors that describe women, Indonesia metaphors that describe men. Presenting data means that the data will be presented in one pie chart and two tables. The pie chart covers two main categories. The first table consists of the main and sub-categories of metaphors, the number of data, and the percentage (%). Interpreting data means that the data in tables are discussed according to the classification of their metaphor markers. Three of the data from each category are interpreted. If there is more than one metaphor.
In conclusion, the researchers discuss based on the classification of the data into each sub-category. The rest of the data are put in the appendices which are arranged according to the classification of their metaphors.

Result
In this result, the researchers find the data are classified into two main categories. They are Indonesian and English Metaphors that are described the woman and the man.

Discussion of Metaphors in Gender
The way women express about the man, and instead of the way he expresses about women differently. In the various terms of women has their designation to define man, as well as men who have special terms for women. Unwittingly, expressing these things we have been using the comparison. Sentence comparisons that do not use a tub, as some of the metaphors that specifically describe only women and there are also a couple of metaphors that have a special meaning attached to men.

The metaphor that describes women
The Analysis of Gender in Metaphors: Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Novel (Ayu Bandu Retnomurti, Nurmala Hendrawaty) The metaphor specifically describes the woman, among others in these novels such as mas nganten, kembang desa, the girl from the coast, village flower, night butterfly, the moon, and the Spanish guitar. Those are the metaphors that describe the women. Kembang Desa means deemed most beautiful girl in a village. The above sentence is a metaphor. This can be seen with the comparison between Mas Nganten which is the designation of a person's sex women were compared with plants that have flowers that usually have interesting colors, cantik and beautiful as well as used as a decoy. Between Mas Nganten and flowers used for comparison, there are similarities, which are they can attract the attention of both the physical and appearance. Metaphor in this sentence has the specific use that is used to compare a woman with a flower, which together has an attractive side to the viewer. Comparing to the previous research, based on Spain (2015, p. 45), he said that Phrases of Kembang Desa are not be used to compare men, for example, Jono is kembang desa in the fishing village. Jono is a nickname for him. Comparing Jono with the meaning of kembang desa feels very awkward and imprecise. The meaning of Flower said the village is always associated with women and not biased used by men. Nightly identified with prostitutes or prostitusi. This sentence is categorized as a metaphor because it contains a comparison: The girl from the coast compared with the butterflies. Between the meaning of butterflies and the girl, some similarities are not described explicitly that the presence of the word night. The girl from the coast who works as a sex worker, most of the activities carried out in the evenings. Similarly, the meaning of the night butterfly has activities in the evenings. Comparing to the previous research, according to Spain (2015, p. 47), Out at night for a woman gets a bad judgment and is not appropriate for women who used to go out at night just female sex worker, so that is why Kupu-kupu malam is identic with the bad meaning. Therefore, this metaphor has its particularity in use, which is only used for the depiction of women and no bias for men because the depiction of the butterfly is synonymous with beauty, elegance, and beauty that is also inherent in women.

Indo
: Rayuan si Pembesar yang terkenal dengan kegombalannya itupun akhirnya muncul juga: Gadis Pantai, rembulan yang begitu indah pada malam hari ini pun tak akan mampu mengalahkan keindahan wajahmu (p. 262, l. 4) English : The famous man with his persuading even then finally appeared: The Girl from the Coast, the moon is so beautiful at night it would not be able to beat the beauty of your face (p. 263, l. 6).
The above sentences are classified as a metaphor for the girl faces on the coast compared to the moon. Both have a common point that is mentioned explicitly that has beauty. Comparing to the previous research, Spain (2015, p. 48) explained that in our society, the beauty of the moon that shines a light is commonly used to express the beauty of women. Discussing the meaning of rembulan is translated into the moon can be related to the beauty and identic with the woman specifically. Although rembulan and the moon are the object of sky but they can be classified into beauty of women. But, in fact if we look at the moon up close, it will look different from the beauty described. The meaning of rembulan and the moon are not referring to the man because they are classified as metaphors have a specificity that is used to compare a woman, not a man.
The sentences above are the sentences of comparison, but the comparison is implicit because it did not find the words as like, like, like, like, for instance, like, similar. Because it is categorized as a metaphor. To understand the meaning of this metaphor will be easier to get the three categories as topic, imaging, and point of similarity. A topic that was discussed the body being imaged beach girl with Spanish guitar. Comparing to the previous research, based on Spain (2015, p. 49), the point of similarity between the girl from the coast and the Spanish guitar is the beautiful curvature of the shape of her body. Discussing the meaning of Gitar Spanyol is translated into Spanish Guitar can be interpreted into this metaphor which has a meaning that the girl has a beautiful body curve, beautiful like Spanish guitar. This metaphor also can only be used to describe curves which are usually always synonymous with women. The meaning of Spanish guitar imaging is used to describe the man's body.

Metaphor describing Men
The Metaphor specifically describing the men, among others in these novels for example tuan besar, kadal laut, kepala kampung, burung hantu, bujang, old man, buaya darat and kucing garong. Those are the metaphors that describe the men.
In this sentence visible comparisons, although said that the comparison is not stated explicitly. Sentences that comparison is expressed implicitly categorized as a metaphor. Topics in this metaphor are Bendoro compared with the meaning of old man imaging. The point of similarity between Bendoro and the old man is that they never know the age when they are seeing the opposite sex. The meaning of this metaphor can be concluded that the old man imaging has a specific use that can only be used to describe the man because Bandot tua is translated into the old man. Comparing to the previous research, according to Spain (2015, p. 57), said the old man in meaningful metaphor adult goats and men are a very mad woman or an old man who still likes to women and they are identic with impoliteness. A metaphor is a parable sentence that said the comparison is not stated explicitly. In the sentence above, the dignitary is the topic, while the imagery is a blackguard. The point of similarity in this metaphor is not mentioned explicitly, but it can be seen from the meaning of blackguard itself meaningful guy who likes to play a woman. The meaning of Death is classified as a metaphor, a sort of metaphor whose meaning is clear without having to define three categories of metaphors. The imagery of this metaphor is also a special interest in its use, especially in terms of gender as if seen from the meaning of the imagery, metaphor is more suitable to describe the man who conceived within the meaning of the imaging blackguard itself because the meaning of Buaya darat is translated into Blackguard. Comparing to the previous research, Spain (2015, p. 60) suggested that blackguard meaningful criminals and female fans. In the context of the sentence above, meaning the most suitable blackguard is the female fans.
Phrase of kucing garong. It is compared with the great master is the topic of the sentence. Comparison between the meaning of tuan Besar with imaging topics of kucing garong is implicit comparison because it is comparable between the meaning of Tuan Besar and imaging topics of kucing garong are not explicitly mentioned in the foregoing sentence that the sentence is categorized as a metaphor sentence. Comparing to the previous research, Spain (2015, p. 65) said that the metaphor of kucing garong had a specific use that is specific to describe the behavior of men which is similar to the behavior of kucing garong, when viewed anchovies will be directly approached.
Similarities in behavior between kucing garong and the master are used as the point of resemblance between both of them. Both of them have the same meaning that are bad in the eyes of women. Kucing Garong is a nickname for men who like to seduce women in various ways. As for Kucing Garong, it can have a negative meaning in society, therefore, Mr. Bendoro in the novel is described as a flirtatious man.

CONCLUSION
From the results, it can be stated that to beautify a series of words, sometimes we have trouble because to beautify and make it attractive not easy. The use of metaphor is often the best solution. However, it must be considered especially the selection of the words to be precise, and the use of imagery to describe the metaphor must be right.
The specific use of imaging metaphor is very important because it concerns gender differences of individual imaging metaphor by metaphor. Imaging metaphor sexed women cannot be used to describe the male gender and sexed male metaphor imaging cannot be used to describe the imaging metaphor sexed women. Therefore, those who want to make a sentence containing a metaphor in it must pay attention to the specific use of imaging metaphor that will be used.
This research can be expanded by comparing the metaphors that have imaging sexed women in English would be translated using the metaphor sexed women also in Indonesian, and how metaphors that have imaging sexed man would translate metaphors imagery sexed man also has answered through this research. The researchers suggest for the next researcher to discuss the other figurative languages such as simile, hyperbole, and paradox by using its markers